For the iPhone platform, your current option is to become an iPhone developer, use the iPhone SDK and develop on a Mac. The IDE you will most likely use is XCode and the language of development will be Objective-C.
The Mono project seems to be developing an alternative to this in the form of the MonoTouch framework. Using this framework you can develop your iPhone applications in C# using MonoDevelop and they will be compiled to native iPhone applications; however, you still need the iPhone SDK and you still need to develop on a Mac. This framework is in closed preview at the moment, though.
For Symbian, it used to be the case that you needed to develop using the C/C++ libraries provided by the Symbian SDK but now you have the choice to develop in C++ using the Qt for S60 toolkit (I should note that it is still a technical preview).
Depending on what you are trying to build, you might want to develop J2ME applications which will work on all Java-enabled phones (thus you won't be limited to just the S60 platform). You can develop such J2ME applications using the EclipseME plugin for Eclipse.
For Blackberry, the default development environment is the Blackberry JDE. However, I hate the user interface on that tool and (for me at least) the usability leaves a lot to be desired. However, you have an alternative: There is an official Blackberry JDE plugin for the Eclipse IDE that makes developing Blackberry applications a joy (well not so much :) but still makes it really easy)
In case you are interested, you can develop Windows Mobile applications in C# targeting the .NET Compact Framework using Visual Studio (I think you can use the Express Edition, which is free).
Then, there is the Android platform. The default development environment for that platform is using the Android Eclipse plugin and developing in Java.
What is PhoneGap PhoneGap is an open source development framework for building cross-platform mobile apps. Build apps in HTML and JavaScript and still take advantage of core features in iPhone/iTouch, iPad, Google Android, Palm, Symbian and Blackberry SDKs.SDKs. Cross platform tools & libraryXMLVM, Codename One and iSpectrum (cross compile Java code from an Android app or creating one from scratch
Phone Gap (cross platform mobile apps)
Titanium (to build native mobile and desktop apps with web technologies)
Mono Touch ( C# for iphone )
rhomobile - http://rhomobile.com/ samples are here: http://github.com/rhomobile/rhodes-system-api-samples
Sencha Touch - Sencha Touch is a HTML5 mobile app framework that allows you to develop web apps that look and feel native on Apple iOS and Google Android touchscreen devices. http://www.sencha.com/products/touch/
Corona - Iphone/Ipad / Android application cross platform library . Too awesome. http://anscamobile.com/corona/
A guide to port existing Android app to Windows Phone 7 http://windowsphone.interoperabilitybridges.com/articles/windows-phone-7-guide-for-iphone-application-developers
- Jquery MobileTouch-Optimized Web Framework for Smartphones & Tablets
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